Machine learning algorithms: Linear regression, logistic regression, decision trees, random forests, support vector machines, neural networks
Data science tools: NumPy, SciPy, Pandas, Matplotlib, TensorFlow, Keras
Cloud computing platforms: AWS, Azure, GCP
Natural language processing (NLP): Transformer models, attention mechanisms, word embeddings
Computer vision: Convolutional neural networks, recurrent neural networks, object detection
Robotics: Reinforcement learning, motion planning, control systems
Data ethics: Bias in machine learning, fairness in algorithms
Foundation models & LLMs: GPT, Claude, Gemini, Llama, Mistral; multimodal and reasoning models; context windows, tokenization, and fine-tuning (LoRA/PEFT), RLHF/RLAIF concepts
LLM application & agent frameworks: LangChain, LangGraph, LlamaIndex, Semantic Kernel, Haystack, CrewAI, AutoGen
Interoperability & integration: Model Context Protocol (MCP), function/tool calling, structured outputs, API integration, event-driven and orchestration patterns
Cloud AI platforms & model hosting: Amazon Bedrock, Azure OpenAI / AI Foundry, Google Vertex AI, Hugging Face
Vector databases & retrieval: Pinecone, Weaviate, Chroma, pgvector, FAISS; embeddings, semantic and hybrid search, reranking
MLOps / LLMOps & deployment: Docker, Kubernetes, FastAPI, CI/CD; observability, tracing, and evaluation tooling (e.g., LangSmith, LangFuse); guardrails and prompt/version management
Responsible AI & safety: bias and fairness, hallucination mitigation, evaluation, privacy, security, and governance of AI and agentic systems